An Assessment of Cash Flow Volatility Impact on Financial Leverage: Evidence from Textile Industry-Pakistan

Author(s)

Farman Ali Golo , Dr. Arifa Bano Talpur , Ms Tooba Hashmi ,

Download Full PDF Pages: 45-62 | Views: 532 | Downloads: 146 | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4678377

Volume 10 - March 2021 (03)

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of volatility of cash flow on leverage levels of the firm. It also investigates other variables that may affect the leverage levels of Pakistani firms. The measures are constructed for volatility of cash flow as five-year rolling standard deviation of cash flows from operations. Generalized Linear Model (GLM) approach is applied to examine the effect of VCF on leverage levels. To eliminate possible outliers, VCF is winsorized at 1st and 99th percentile. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) is also applied as an alternative approach. It is found that volatility of cash flow is inversely proportional to the leverage of the firm. Pakistani markets consider firms more risky than recorded in books. Volatility of cash flow (VCF) is an important factor that affect the firms directly. Earlier empirical studies about relationship between VCF and leverage levels is not conclusive. On the other hand, existing studies mainly focused on developed countries. No earlier comprehensive study has been conducted on Pakistani firms with variables used in this study. This study fulfills that gap by applying models and variables in this study.

Keywords

Financial Leverage, Textile Industry-Pakistan

References

        i.            Ahmed Sheikh, N., & Wang, Z. (2011). Determinants of capital structure: An empirical study of firms in manufacturing industry of Pakistan. Managerial Finance, 37(2), 117-133.

      ii.            Ahsan, T., Wang, M. and Qureshi, M.A. (2016), “Firm, industry, and country level determinants of capital structure: evidence from Pakistan”, South Asian Journal of Global Business Research, Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 362-384.

    iii.            Allayannis, G. and Weston, J.P. (2003), “Earnings volatility, cash flow volatility, and firm value”,

     iv.            Allen, F., Qian, J. and Qian, M. (2005), “Law, finance, and economic growth in China”, Journal of

       v.            Antoniou, A., Guney, Y. and Paudyal, K. (2009), “The determinants of capital structure: capital market-oriented versus bank-oriented institutions”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 43 No. 1, pp. 59-92.

     vi.            Bauer, P. (2004), “Determinants of capital structure: empirical evidence from the Czech Republic”, Czech Journal of Economics and Finance (Finance a uver), Vol. 54 Nos 1-2, pp. 2-21.

   vii.            Black, F. and Scholes, M. (1973), “The pricing of options and corporate liabilities”, Journal of

 viii.            Booth, L., Aivazian, V., Demirguc-Kunt, A. and Maksimovic, V. (2001), “Capital Structures in

     ix.            Bradley, M., Jarrell, G.A. and Kim, E.H. (1984), “On the existence of an optimal capital structure: theory and evidence”, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 39 No. 3, pp. 857-878.

       x.            Brounen, D., de Jong, A. and Koedijk, K. (2004), “Corporate finance in Europe: confronting theory capital structure in china?”, Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Vol. 30 No. C, pp. 87-113.

     xi.            Chang, C., Chen, X. and Liao, G. (2014), “What are the reliably important determinants of

   xii.            Chaplinsky, S. and Niehaus, G. (1993), “Do inside ownership and leverage share common determinants?”, Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics, Vol. 32 No. 4, pp. 51-65.

 xiii.            Chen, J., Jiang, C. and Lin, Y. (2014), “What determine firms’ capital structure in China?”,

 xiv.            China Economic Review, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 14-36.

   xv.            Cook, D.O., Kieschnick, R. and McCullough, B.D. (2008), “Regression analysis of proportions in

 xvi.            Cooper, M.J., Gulen, H. and Schill, M.J. (2008), “Asset growth and the cross-section of stock corporate capital structure”, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 43 No. 2, pp. 271-281.

xvii.            Cull, R., Xu, L.C. and Zhu, T. (2009), “Formal finance and trade credit during China’s transition”,

xviii.            DeAngelo, H. and Masulis, R.W. (1980), “Optimal capital structure under corporate and personal taxation”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 3-29.

 xix.            developing countries”, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 56 No. 1, pp. 87-130.

   xx.            Dierker, M.J., Kang, J.-K., Lee, I. and Seo, S.W. (2013), “Do firms adjust capital structures to manage risk?”, SSRN Electronic Journal.

 xxi.            Dudley, E. and James, C. (2015), “Cash-flow volatility and capital structure choice”, SSRN Electronic Journal.

xxii.            Fan, J.P., Titman, S. and Twite, G. (2012), “An international comparison of capital structure and debt maturity choices”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 47 No. 1, pp. 23-56. Firth, M., Lin, C., Liu, P. and Wong, S.M.L. (2009), “Inside the black box: Bank credit allocation in China’s private sector”, Journal of Banking & Finance, Vol. 33 No. 6, pp. 1144-1155.

xxiii.            finance with self-selection”, Journal of Empirical Finance, Vol. 15 No. 5, pp. 860-867.

xxiv.            Financial Economics, Vol. 77 No. 1, pp. 57-116.

xxv.            Financial Economics, Vol. 83 No. 1, pp. 1-32.

xxvi.            Frank, M.Z. and Goyal, V.K. (2009), “Capital structure decisions: which factors are reliably important?”, Financial Management, Vol. 38 No. 1, pp. 1-37.

xxvii.            Friend, I. and Lang, L.H.P. (1988), “An empirical test of the impact of managerial self-interest on

xxviii.            Graham, J.R. and Harvey, C.R. (2001), “The theory and practice of corporate finance: evidence from the field”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 60 No. 2, pp. 187-243.

xxix.            Huang, G. and Song, F.M. (2006), “The determinants of capital structure: evidence from China”,

xxx.            Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Vol. 19 No. 3, pp. 74-81.

xxxi.            Journal of Finance, Vol. 29 No. 2, pp. 449-470.

xxxii.            Journal of Finance, Vol. 49 No. 4, pp. 1213-1252.

xxxiii.            Journal of Financial Intermediation, Vol. 18 No. 2, pp. 173-192.

xxxiv.            Ju, N. and Ou-Yang, H. (2006), “Capital structure, debt maturity, and stochastic interest rates”,

xxxv.            Kale, J.R. and Shahrur, H. (2007), “Corporate capital structure and the characteristics of suppliers and customers”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 83 No. 2, pp. 321-365.

xxxvi.            Kale, J.R., Noe, T.H. and Ramirez, G.G. (1991), “The effect of business risk on corporate capital structure: theory and evidence”, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 46 No. 5, pp. 1693-1715.

xxxvii.            Kane, A., Marcus, A.J. and McDonald, R.L. (1985), “Debt policy and the rate of return premium to leverage”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp. 479-499.

xxxviii.            Kayhan, A. and Titman, S. (2007), “Firms’ histories and their capital structures”, Journal of

xxxix.            Keefe, M.O.C. and Yaghoubi, M. (2016), “The influence of cash flow volatility on capital structure and the use of debt of different maturities”, Journal of Corporate Finance, Vol. 38 No. S.C, pp. 18- 36.

     xl.            Kester, W.C. (1986), “Capital and ownership structure: a comparison of United States and Japanese manufacturing corporations”, Financial Management, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 5-16.

   xli.            Kieschnick, R. and McCullough, B.D. (2003), “Regression analysis of variates observed on (0, 1):

 xlii.            Kim, W.S. and Sorensen, E.H. (1986), “Evidence on the impact of the agency costs of debt on corporate debt policy”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 131-144. Leary, M.T. and Roberts, M.R. (2005), “Do firms rebalance their capital structures?”, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 60 No. 6, pp. 2575-2619.

xliii.            Lee, H., Oh, S. and Park, K. (2014), “How do capital structure policies of emerging markets differ from those of developed economies? Survey evidence from Korea”, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Vol. 50 No. 2, pp. 34-72.

xliv.            Leland, H.E. (1994), “Corporate debt value, bond covenants, and optimal capital structure”, The

 xlv.            Li, K., Yue, H. and Zhao, L. (2009), “Ownership, institutions, and capital structure: evidence from China”, Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 37 No. 3, pp. 471-490.

xlvi.            Managerial Finance, Vol. 40 No. 10, pp. 1024-1039.

xlvii.            Memon, Z. A., Chen, Y., Tauni, M. Z., & Ali, H. (2018). The impact of cash flow volatility on firm leverage and debt maturity structure: evidence from China. China Finance Review  International, 8(1), 69-91.

xlviii.            Merton, R.C. (1974), “On the pricing of corporate debt: the risk structure of interest rates”, The

xlix.            Miltersen, K. and Torous, W. (2008), “Risky corporate debt with finite maturity”, SSRN Electronic

        l.            Minton, B.A. and Schrand, C. (1999), “The impact of cash flow volatility on discretionary investment and the costs of debt and equity financing”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 54 No. 3, pp. 423-460.

      li.            Papke, L. and Wooldridge, J. (1996), “Econometric methods for fractional response variables with anapplication to 401(K) plan participation rates”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 11 No. 6, pp. 619-632.

    lii.            percentages, proportions and fractions”, Statistical Modelling, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 193-213.

  liii.            Pinkowitz, L. and Williamson, R. (2007), “What is the market value of a dollar of corporate cash?”,

   liv.            Political Economy, Vol. 81 No. 3, pp. 637-654.

     lv.            returns”, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 63 No. 4, pp. 1609-1651.

   lvi.            The Journal of Business, Vol. 79 No. 5, pp. 2469-2502.

 lvii.            with practice”, Financial Management, Vol. 33 No. 4, pp. 71-102.

lviii.            Working Paper No. 22906, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, September.

   lix.            Rajan, R.G. and Zingales, L. (1995), “What do we know about capital structure? Some evidence from international data”, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 50 No. 5, pp. 1421-1460.

     lx.            Sarkar, S. (1999), “Illiquidity risk, project characteristics, and the optimal maturity of corporate debt”, Journal of Financial Research, Vol. 22 No. 3, pp. 353-370.

   lxi.            Wald, J.K. (1999), “How firm characteristics affect capital structure: an international comparison”, Journal of Financial Research, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 161-187.

lxii.            Wang, Z. and Li, Y. (2013), “Optimal capital structure: case of SOE versus private listed corporation”, Chinese Management Studies, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 604-616.

Cite this Article: