The Dynamic Association between COVID-19 and Chronic Disorders: An Updated Insight into Prevalence Mechanism and Therapeutic Modalities
Author(s)
Dr Tehneyat Khadija , Dr Wardah Khalid , Dr Ana Akbar , Dr Saud Raza ,
Download Full PDF Pages: 48-53 | Views: 601 | Downloads: 140 | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4399244
Abstract
Covid-19 has emerged in December 2019 from the Wuhan city of china as a fatal disease with the drastic outcome which dreadfully affects life at the global level. The objective of this study is to determine the association of the chronic disease with covid-19. This cross-sectional based study was conducted at Shalimar hospital Lahore, Pakistan from May to July 2020. Total of 424 participants including 74 females and 350 males. The obtained results show that males are more susceptible to covid-19 and the life of patients with pre-existing chronic disease is more at risk than a healthy person. Statistically, the average age of patients is 50 with OR (1.751) (CI 1.32-1.71), a p-value less than 0.01, and the OR value of males is high than females that show males had a greater association with the covid-19 disease than females. Similarly, hypertension patients (41.9%) and diabetes (32.54%) had a substantial association with covid-19, OR (0.354), Cl 1.95-1.98, and OR (0.322), CI 1.27-2.23 respectively. Chronic liver disease was found in 13.44% (OR=1.89.CI=1.45-1.55) patients, heart disease 8.72% (OR=0.145, Cl=1.23-1.25) and cancer 3.3% (OR=0.121, CI= 1.27-1.33) with a p-value greater than 0.01. The OR values indicated that chronic disorder has a significant association with covid-19 and evidence of the mechanism of action shows that covid-19 has the ability to develop a chronic disease. However, we concluded that its lethal effects also depend on the patient’s disease status.
Keywords
Covid-19, chronic liver disorder, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes
References
i. Wan Y, Li J, Shen L, Zou Y, Hou L, Zhu L, et al. (2020). Enteric involvement in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 outside Wuhan. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, in press.
ii. Mertz D, Kim TH, Johnstone J, Lam P-P, Science M, Kuster SP, et al. (2013). Populations at risk for severe or complicated influenza illness: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 347: f5061.
iii. Grasselli Giacomo, Zangrillo Alberto, Zanella Alberto, Antonelli Massimo, Cabrini Luca, Castelli Antonio, et al. (2020). Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA, in press.
iv. Lewington S, Lacey B, Clarke R, Guo Y, Kong XL, Yang L, et al. (2016). The burden of hypertension and association risk for cardiovascular mortality in China. JAMA Intern Med. 176:524-532.
v. Wang B, Li RB, Lu Z, Huang Y (2020). Does comorbidity increase the risk of patients with COVID19: evidence from meta-analysis. Aging, in press.
vi. Badawi A, Ryoo SG (2016). Prevalence of comorbidities in the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis, 49:129-133.
vii. Guo, J., Wei, X., Li, Q., et al., 2020. Single-cell RNA analysis on ACE2 expression provides insights into SARS-CoV-2 potential entry into the bloodstream and heart injury. J. Cell. Physiol. 235, 9884–9894.
viii. Siripanthong, B., Nazarian, S., Muser, D., et al., 2020. Recognizing COVID-19-related myocarditis: The possible pathophysiology and proposed guideline for diagnosis and management. Heart Rhythm. 17 (9), 1463–1471.
ix. Chousterman, B.G., Swirski, F.K., Weber, G.F., 2017. Cytokine storm and sepsis disease pathogenesis. Semin. Immunopathol. 39 (5), 517–528.
x. Zhang, H., Penninger, J.M., Li, Y., Zhong, N., Slutsky, A.S., 2020b. Angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Med. 46 (4), 586–590.
xi. Sun, J., Aghemo, A., Forner, A., Valenti, L., 2020. COVID-19 and liver disease. Liver Int. 40 (6), 1278–1281.
xii. Chen, D., Li, X., Song, Q., et al., 2020e. Assessment of Hypokalemia and Clinical Characteristics in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wenzhou. China. JAMA Netw Open. 3 (6), e2011122
xiii. Boettler, T., Newsome, P.N., Mondelli, M.U., et al., 2020. Care of patients with liver disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: EASL-ESCMID position paper. JHEP Rep. 2 (3), 100113.
xiv. Siripanthong, B., Nazarian, S., Muser, D., et al., 2020. Recognizing COVID-19-related myocarditis: The possible pathophysiology and proposed guideline for diagnosis and management. Heart Rhythm. 17 (9), 1463–1471.
xv. Fidan, C., Aydogdu, A., 2020. As a potential treatment of COVID-19: Montelukast. Med. Hypotheses 142, 109828.
xvi. Petrosillo, N., Viceconte, G., Ergonul, O., Ippolito, G., Petersen, E., 2020. COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related? Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 26 (6), 729–734.
xvii. Bajgain, K.T., Badal, S., Bajgain, B.B., Santana, M.J., 2020. Prevalence of comorbidities among individuals with COVID-19: A rapid review of current literature. Am. J. Infect. Control.
xviii. WHO, 2020 Jul 18 2020. Clinical management of COVID-19 interim guidance 2020. Updated May 27 2020; cited. Available from: https://www.who. int/publications/i/item/clinical-management-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infectionwhen-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected.
xix. Sharma, A., Tiwari, S., Deb, M.K., Marty, J.L., 2020. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): a global pandemic and treatment strategies. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 56 (2), 106054.
xx. Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., et al., 2020a. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 395 (10223), 507–513.
xxi. Guan, W.J., Liang, W.H., Zhao, Y., et al., 2020a. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. Eur. Respir. J. 55 (5), 2000547.
xxii. Wang, B., Li, R., Lu, Z., Huang, Y., 2020b. Does comorbidity increase the risk of patients with COVID-19: evidence from meta-analysis. Aging (Albany NY) 12 (7), 6049–6057.
xxiii. Chu, H., Chan, J.F., Yuen, T.T., et al., 2020. Comparative tropism, replication kinetics, and cell damage profiling of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV with implications for clinical manifestations, transmissibility, and laboratory studies of COVID-19: an observational study. Lancet Microbe. 1 (1), e14–e23.
xxiv. Abdin, S.M., Elgendy, S.M., Alyammahi, S.K., Alhamad, D.W., Omar, H.A., 2020. Tackling the cytokine storm in COVID-19, challenges and hopes. Life Sci. 257, 118054.
xxv. Grasselli, G., Zangrillo, A., Zanella, A., et al., 2020. Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region. Italy. JAMA. 323 (16), 1574–1581.
Cite this Article: