New Atomic Model from the spectra of Hydrogen, Helium, Beryllium, Boron, Carbon, and Deuterium and their ions

Author(s)

Janeen A. Hunt ,

Download Full PDF Pages: 47-92 | Views: 757 | Downloads: 189 | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3456955

Volume 8 - July 2019 (07)

Abstract

A cohesive unifying theory of the atom does not currently exist in Quantum Physics. In this research, the atomic spectra are allowed to determine the model for the atom based upon the finding of patterns of the Balmer-Rydberg formula in the first 20 ions and neutral atoms of the periodic table. From this data, the model postulates a standing wave of varying energy antinodes originating from the particles in the nucleus of each atom which is able to predict the ionization energies of these atoms.  The transitions of the electrons in atoms are defined by the energies of each antinode represented by the difference in energy between each spectral line. The spectral patterns for H, He-I, He-II, Li-I, Li-II, Li-III, Be-I, Be-II, Be-III, Be-IV, B-I, B-II, B-III, B-IV, B-V, C-I, C-II, C-III, C-IV, and Deuterium are charted and the ionization energies are calculated from the data including general inferences this model predicts about the unification of atomic forces, electron transitions, heat, and electromagnetism. This model predicts that the nucleus of every atom is held together by energy in the form of a standing wave originating from the nucleus and surrounding it. This is the Sollism Theory of the atom

Keywords

Atom, Atomic Model, Spectral Analysis, Quantum Mechanics, Atomic Theory, Unified Theory, Electron Transitions, Nuclear Force, Strong Force, Ionization Energy, Sollism Theory.

References

  1. E. Rutherford, F.R.S., “The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom”, Philosophical Magazine, Series 6, vol. 21, May 1911, p. 669-688.
  2. Davisson, C. J., "Are Electrons Waves?", Franklin Institute Journal 205, 597 (1928).
  3. Max Planck, “On the Theory of the Energy Distribution Law of the Normal Spectrum,” Verh. Dtsch. Phys. Ges. Berlin 2, 237 (1900).
  4. Niels Bohr, “On the Theory of Atoms and Molecules,” Philosophical Magazine, Series 6, Vol. 26, July 1913, p.1-25.
  5. NIST “NIST Atomic Spectra Database Lines Data,” National Institute of Standards and Technology. Available online: www.physics.nist.gov [accessed April 2017].
  6. Size of the Hydrogen atom given by “Hydrogen Atom,” Wikipedia.
  7. Einstein, A. (1907) Theorie der Strahlung und die Theorie der Spezifischen Wärme. Annalen der Physik, 4, 180-190.
  8. Debye. P. (1912) Zur Theorie der spezifischen Wärme. Annalen der Physik, 4, 789-839. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19123441404
  9. NIST Hydrogen Ionization Energy. Available online: http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/ie.pl [accessed April 2017].gives an ionization energy of 13.5984 and NIST Constants gives an Energy of 13.60569.
  10. NIST Hydrogen Ionization Energy. Available online: http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/ie.pl [accessed April 2017].gives an ionization energy of 13.5984
  11. Albert Einstein, “Does the inertia of a body depend on its energy content?” Annalen der Physik, 1905.
  12. R.Adler, B. Casey, et al., “Vacuum catastrophe: An elementary exposition of the cosmological constant problem,” Dept. of Physics, San Fran. State U, 94132, 7 July 1994.
  13. NIST “NIST Atomic Spectra Database Lines Data,” National Institute of Standards and Technology, Available online: www.physics,nist.gov  [accessed April 2017].
  14. NIST “Strong Lines of Helium,” National Institute of Standards and Technology, Available online: www.physics,nist.gov.
  15. NIST “NIST Atomic Spectra Database Lines Data,” National Institute of Standards and Technology, Available online: www.physics,nist.gov [accessed April 2017].
  16. NIST “NIST Atomic Spectra Database Lines Data,” National Institute of Standards and Technology, Available online: www.physics,nist.gov [accessed April 2017].
  17. Max Planck, “On the Theory of the Energy Distribution Law of the Normal Spectrum,” Verh. Dtsch. Phys. Ges. Berlin 2, 237 (1900).
  18. Albert Einstein, “Einstein’s Proposal of the Photon Concept—a Translation of the Annalen der Physik Paper of 1905,” American Journal of Physics, Vol. 33, No. 5, May 1965.
  19. “Particle accelerator,” Wikipedia. [accessed April 2017].
  20. NIST “Strong Lines of Lead,” National Institute of Standards and Technology. Available online:  www.physics,nist.gov  [accessed April 2017]..
  21. Compton, Arthur H., “A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-rays by Light Elements” Phys. Rev. 21, 483, (1 May 1923).
  22. Zeeman, P. (1897). "On the influence of magnetism on the nature of the light emitted by a substance". Philosophical Magazine. 5th series. 43: 226–239.
  23. J. Stark, Beobachtungen über den Effekt des elektrischen Feldes auf Spektrallinien I. Quereffekt (Observations of the effect of the electric field on spectral lines I. Transverse effect), Annalen der Physik, vol. 43, pp. 965–983 (1914). Published earlier (1913) in Sitzungsberichten der Kgl. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.
  24. “Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy,” Wikipedia [accessed April 2017].
  25. van der Waals; J. D. (1873). Over de continuiteit van den gas- en vloeistoftoestand (On the Continuity of the Gaseous and Liquid States) (doctoral dissertation). Universiteit Leiden.
  26. Michael Faraday, “On the magnetization of light and the illumination of magnet lines of force,” Philosophical Transactions (1846) Vol. 136-137.
  27. James Clerk Maxwell, “On Physical Lines of Force,” Part IV. “The Theory of Molecular Vortices Applied to the Action of Magnetism on Polarized Light,” Philosophical Magazine, 1861.
  28. M.H. Anderson, et al, “Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor,” Science Vol. 269, pp. 198-201, 14 Jul 1995.

Cite this Article: