The Relativity of Heterosexual Norms And Gender Power On Young People’s Sexuality In Africa

Author(s)

Ekundayo B. Babatunde , Modupe Ake ,

Download Full PDF Pages: 01-13 | Views: 1346 | Downloads: 223 | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3413132

Volume 3 - June 2014 (06)

Abstract

Within sociological discourse, young people‟s sexual practices have become an area of particular interest as sociologists attempt to contextualise sexuality as multifaceted social experiences rather than as psychological or psychoanalytic processes. This study introduces a conceptual framework for investigating young people‟s sexuality and sexual practices in African context. It was achieved through a critical review of the conceptual framework developed by a group of feminist authors in the UK context which identify five interacting layers of power through which young people become sexually active and socially heterosexual. By adapting and modifying the feminists‟ framework, this study delve into the social processes through which certain norms, beliefs, gender practices intersect with heterosexual norms to constitute well-established practices among young Africans. This study concludes by asking for a space to redefine conventional practices of gender and heterosexual culture in order to enhance young people‟s agency for pleasurable and healthful sexual relations. 

Keywords

gender, sexuality, heterosexual, culture, young people, Africa 

References

i.        Aggleton, P. & Warwick, I. (1997). Young people, sexuality, HIV and AIDS education. In L. Sherr, (Ed.), AIDS and Adolescents (pp. 22-28). Amsterdam: Harwood Academic.

ii.      Aggleton, P., Davies, P. & Hart, G. (1995). AIDS: Safety, Sexuality and Risk. London: Taylor and Francis.

iii.    AHI- Action Health Inc. (2010) Foundation for a Healthy Adulthood: Lessons from School-

iv.     Allen, L. (2003). Power talk: Young people negotiating (hetero)sex. Women’s Studies International Forum, 26(3):235-244

v.       Arnfred, S. (2007). Sex, food and female power:Discussion of data material from northern Mozambique. Sexualities, 10:141-158

vi.     Babatunde, Ekundayo B. & Durowaiye, Babatunde, E (2014a). Social-cultural context and young women‟s sexualities in Nigeria: A study of female youngsters in the north central zone. International Journal of African Society, Cultures and Traditions. 1(2):13-28.

vii.   Babatunde, Ekundayo B. & Durowaiye, Babatunde, E (2014b) Situated negotiations of gendered sexualities: Evidence from young people in Kabba, Nigeria. The Journal of Pan African Studies,7(3): 146-161

viii. Bagnol, B. & Chamo, E. (2004). Intergenerational relationships in Mozambique: What is driving young men and older men? Sexual Health Exchange, 3:10-11.

ix.     Based Family Life and HIV Education Curriculum Implementation in Lagos State (Lagos: AHI and Ministry of Education).

x.       Caldwell, J. C., Santow, G., Orubuoye, I. O., Caldwell, P. & Anarfi, J. (Eds.), (1993). Sexual Networking and HIV/AIDS in West Africa. Health Transition Review 3 (Suppl).

xi.     Clark A.(2005). Situational Analysis. Grounded Theory after the Postmodern Turn. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE

xii.   Clark, S., Bruce, J. & Dude, A. (2006). Protecting young women from HIV/AIDS: The case against child and adolescent marriage. International Family Planning Perspectives, 32(2):79-88.

xiii. Cockroft, A., Lengwe-Kunda, J., Kgakole, L., Masisi, M., Laetsang, D., Ho-Foster, A., Marokoane, N., & Andersson, N. (2010). Community views on inter-generational sex: Findings from focus groups in Botswana, Namibia and Swaziland. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 15(5):507-514

xiv. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999). Constitution amendment, child rights and the rest of us. Downloaded on 06-12-2015 on http://www.punchng.com/feature/the-law-you/constitution-amendment-child-rights-and-the-rest-of-us/

xv.   Coward, R. (1987). „Sex after AIDS‟, New Internationalist March. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 4:21-41.

xvi. Foucault, M. (1978). The History of Sexuality (Vol. 1: An Introduction). New York: Pantheon.

xvii.                       Ganle, J.K, Tagoe-Darko, E., & Mensah. C.M., (2012). Youth, HIV/AIDS Risks and Sexuality in Contemporary Ghana: Examining the Gap between Awareness and Behaviour Change, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(21): 88-99

xviii.                     Gibbs, A., Sikweyiya, Y., & Jewkes, R., (2014). Men value their dignity: securing respect and identity construction in urban informal settlements in South Africa, Gender and Health, 7:23676

xix. Graham, L. and Mphaphuli, M. (2014). “Let's go 50/50”: The everyday embodiment of sexuality amongst African young people. Handbook of Children and Youth Studies, Springer Singapore

xx.   Harrison, A. (2008). Hidden love: sexual ideologies and relationship ideals among rural South African adolescents in the context of HIV/AIDS. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 10(2):175-89.

xxi. Holland, J., Ramazanoglu, C., Sharpe, S. & Thomson, R. (1998). The Male in the Head: Young People, Heterosexuality and Power. London: Tufnell Press. Izugbara, C. O. (2001). Tasting the forbidden fruit: the social context of debut sexual encounters among young persons in a rural Nigerian community. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 5(2): 22-29.

xxii.                       Izugbara, C. O. (2004a). Notions of sex, sexuality and relationships among adolescent boys in rural South-East Nigeria. Sex Education, 4(1):63-79.

xxiii.                     Izugbara, C. O. (2004b). Patriarchal Ideology and Discourses of Sexuality. Africa Regional Sexuality Resource Centre. Retrieved on 14th January, 2014 from http://www.arsrc.org/downloads/uhsss/izugbara. pdf.

xxiv.                      Izugbara, C. O. (2005). The socio-cultural context of adolescents‟ notions of sex and sexuality in rural South-Eastern Nigeria. Sex Education, 8(5):600- 617.

xxv.                        Jackson, S. (2006). Gender, sexuality and heterosexuality. The complexity (and limits) of heteronormativity. Feminist Theory, 7(1):105- 121.

xxvi.                      Jewkes, R. and Morrell, R. (2010). Gender and sexuality: Emerging perspectives from the heterosexual epidemic in South Africa and implications for HIV risk and prevention. J Int AIDS Soc; 13(6).

xxvii.                    Kippax, S., Crawford, J., Waldby, C. & Benton, P. (1990). Women negotiating heterosex: Implications for AIDS prevention. Women’s Studies International Forum, 13(6):533-42.

xxviii.                  Kippax, S., Crawford, J., Waldby, C. & Benton, P. (1990). Women negotiating heterosex: Implications for AIDS prevention. Women’s Studies International Forum, 13(6):533-42

xxix.                      Lusey, Hendrew , Miguel San Sebastian, Monica Christianson, Lars Dahlgren, and Kerstin E. Edin (2014). Discourses of church youths on masculinity and sexuality in the context of HIV in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Sahara Journal, 11(1): 84–93.

xxx.                        Machel, J. Z. (2001). Unsafe sexual behaviour among schoolgirls in Mozambique: A matter of gender and class. Reproductive Health Matters 9(17):82-90.

xxxi.                      Marques J. S, Gomes R, do Nascimento E.F (2012). Hegemonic masculinity, vulnerability and the prevention of HIV/AIDS, PubMed, 17(2):511- 20.

xxxii.                    McNay, L. (1992). Foucault and Feminism: Power, Gender, and the Self. London: Polity.

xxxiii.                  Meekers, D. & Klein, M. (2002). Determinants of condom use among young people in urban Cameroon. Studies in Family Planning, 33(4):335-346.

xxxiv.                  Michielsena K, Remesb, P, Rugaboc, J., Rossemd. R.V & Temmermane, M., (2014).

xxxv.                    Nkosana, J. & Rosenthal, D. (2007). The dynamics of intergenerational sexual relationships: The experience of schoolgirls in Botswana. Sexual Health, 4(3):181-187.

xxxvi.                  Okeke, E. A. C., Nzewi, U. M. & Njoku, Z. (2008). Tracking school age children’s education status in UNICEF A-Field states. Enugu, Nigeria: UNICEF.

xxxvii.                Okogie, A. O. (2006). Condom is widely known not to be a safe protector against HIV/AIDS. New Year‟s Day address of a Nigerian Cardinal in Lagos. Accessed February 15th 2007 from http://www.catholicexchange.com/node/9213.

xxxviii.              Olateru-Olagbebi, B. & Afolabi, A. (2004). Actual Women’s Situation in Nigeria. Lagos: LRRDC.

xxxix.                  Oshi, C., Daniel, Nakalema, S. & Oshi, L. L. (2004). Cultural and social aspects of HIV/AIDS sex education in secondary schools in Nigeria. Journal of Biosocial Science, 37:175-183.

xl.     Parker, R. (2001). Sexuality, culture and power in HIV/AIDS research. Annual Review of Anthropology, 30:163-79.

xli.   Patton, C. (1985). Sex and Germs. Boston: South End Press.

xlii. Patton, C. (1990). Inventing AIDS. London: Routledge

xliii.                       Pettifor, A. E., Measham, D. M., Rees, H. V. & Padian, N. S. (2004). Sexual power and HIV risk, South Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(11):196-204.

xliv.                       Ramjee, G and Daniels, B (2013). Women and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa, AIDS Research and Therapy, 10(30):

xlv. Rwandan young people's perceptions on sexuality and relationships: Results from a qualitative study using the „mailbox technique‟, Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS: 11(1): 51-60

xlvi.                       Ryan, A. & Gavey, N. (1998). Safe sex, the coital imperative and women‟s sexual freedom. In R. Du Plessis, & L. Alice (Eds.), Connections and Differences: Feminist Thoughts in Aotearoa/ New Zealand. Auckland: Oxford University Press.

xlvii.                     Ryan, A. (2001). Feminism and sexual freedom in an age of AIDS. Sexualities, 4:91-107.

xlviii.                   Santana MC, Raj A, Decker MR, La Marche A, Silverman JG (2006) Masculine gender roles associated with increased sexual risk and intimate partner violence perpetration among young adult men. J Urban Health, 83:575–585. 17.

xlix.                       Selikow, T. (2004). “We have our own special language.” Language, sexuality and HIV / AIDS: A case study of youth in an urban township in South Africa. African Health Sciences, 4(2):102-108.

l.        Shorter, O. & Onyencha, C. (1999). Street Children in Africa: A Nairobi Kenya case study. Nairobi: Paulines.

li.      Slap, G. B., Lot, L., Huang, B., Daniyam, C. A., Zink, T. M. & Succop, P. A. (2003). Sexual behaviour of adolescents in Nigeria: cross sectional survey of secondary school students. British Medical Journal, 326:15-18.

lii.    Smith, D. J. (2004). Premarital sex, procreation, and HIV risk in Nigeria. Family Planning, 35(4):223-35.

liii.  Sobo, E. J. (1995). Choosing Unsafe Sex: AIDS-Risk Denial among Disadvantaged Women. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

liv.   Thomson, R. (2004). An adult thing? Young people‟s perspectives on the heterosexual age of consent. Sexualities, 7(2):133-149.

lv.     Townsend L, Rosenthal SR, Parry CD, Zembe Y, Mathews C, Flisher AJ (2010): Associations between alcohol misuse and risks for HIV infection among men who have multiple female sexual partners in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Care, 22:1544–1554

lvi.   Waites, M. (2005). The Age of Consent: Young People, Sexuality and Citizenship. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.

lvii. Walby, S. (1990). Theorizing Patriarchy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

lviii.                       Wamoyi, J and Wight, D (2014). Dying a hero: Parents‟ and young people‟s discourses on concurrent sexual partnerships in rural Tanzania. BMC Pub Med. 14(1):742

lix.   Willig, C. (1994). Marital discourse and condom use. In P. Aggleton, P. Davies &, G. Hart (Eds.), AIDS: Foundations for the Future (pp. 136-146). London: Taylor & Francis.

lx.     Wolf, R. C. & Pulerwitz, J., (2003). The influence of peer versus adult communication on AIDS-protective behaviours among Ghanaian youth. Journal of Health Communication, 8(5):463- 474.

lxi.   Woods, A. (1996). Safe sex and parlour work: Condom use by women parlour workers in and out of work. In P. Davies, (Ed.), Intimate Details and Vital Statistics: AIDS, Sexuality and the Social Order in New Zealand (pp. 125-127). Auckland: Auckland University Press.

lxii. World Population (2003). Status of World Population: UNFPA overview of Adolescent life.Retrieved on 15th January, 2014 from http://www.unfpa.org/ swp/2003/english/ch1/ page3.html.

Cite this Article: